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Abstract

The efficiency of generating electricity from heat using concentrated solar power plants (which use mirrors or lenses to concentrate sunlight in order to drive heat engines, usually involving turbines) may be appreciably increased by operating with higher turbine inlet temperatures, but this would require improved heat exchanger materials. By operating turbines with inlet temperatures above 1,023 kelvin using closed-cycle high-pressure supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO₂) recompression cycles, instead of using conventional (such as subcritical steam Rankine) cycles with inlet temperatures below 823 kelvin^1,2,3, the relative heat-to-electricity conversion efficiency may be increased by more than 20 per cent. The resulting reduction in the cost of dispatchable electricity from concentrated solar power plants (coupled with thermal energy storage^4,5,6) would be an important step towards direct competition with fossil-fuel-based plants and a large reduction in greenhouse gas emissions⁷. However, the inlet temperatures of closed-cycle high-pressure sCO₂ turbine systems are limited⁸ by the thermomechanical performance of the compact, metal-alloy-based, printed-circuit-type heat exchangers used to transfer heat to sCO₂. Here we present a robust composite of ceramic (zirconium carbide, ZrC) and the refractory metal tungsten (W) for use in printed-circuit-type heat exchangers at temperatures above 1,023 kelvin⁹. This composite has attractive high-temperature thermal, mechanical and chemical properties and can be processed in a cost-effective manner. We fabricated ZrC/W-based heat exchanger plates with tunable channel patterns by the shape-and-size-preserving chemical conversion of porous tungsten carbide plates. The dense ZrC/W-based composites exhibited failure strengths of over 350 megapascals at 1,073 kelvin, and thermal conductivity values two to three times greater than those of iron- or nickel-based alloys at this temperature. Corrosion resistance to sCO₂ at 1,023 kelvin and 20 megapascals was achieved¹⁰ by bonding a copper layer to the composite surface and adding 50 parts per million carbon monoxide to sCO₂. Techno-economic analyses indicate that ZrC/W-based heat exchangers can strongly outperform nickel-superalloy-based printed-circuit heat exchangers at lower cost.

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Data availability

Data generated or analysed during this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Data reported are available within the paper. The Ricardo Excel model of ZrC/W-based heat exchanger processing costs is available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the US Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (award number DE-EE0007117). We thank S. H. Hwang for assistance with electron microscopy and I. Itskou for assistance with the preparation of Cu-encased ZrC/W specimens.

Reviewer information

Nature thanks L. F. Cabeza, O. Graeve, C. Turchi and the other anonymous reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.

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Author notes

These authors contributed equally: M. Caccia, M. Tabandeh-Khorshid, G. Itskos, A. R. Strayer

Affiliations

School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA

M. Caccia, M. Tabandeh-Khorshid, G. Itskos, A. R. Strayer, A. S. Caldwell, S. Singnisai, S. Sahoo, N. R. Kadasala & K. H. Sandhage
George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA

S. Pidaparti, A. D. Rohskopf, D. Jarrahbashi, T. Kang, D. Ranjan & A. Henry
Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA

A. M. Schroeder & M. H. Anderson
Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA

A. Marquez-Rossy & E. Lara-Curzio
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA

A. Henry

Contributions

M.T.-K., A.R.S. and S. Singnisai conducted the WC preform processing and analyses, with assistance from N.R.K. and with K.H.S. providing guidance. M.C. conducted the melt infiltration processing, and analysed the microstructure and chemistry of the resulting ZrC/W composites, with A.R.S., M.T.-K. and A.S.C. providing assistance and with K.H.S. providing guidance. Mechanical tests of ZrC/W composites were conducted and analyzed by S. Sahoo, G.I. and A.M.-R., with E.L.-C. providing guidance. Cu-encased ZrC/W corrosion test specimens were prepared by M.T.-K. Corrosion tests of the Cu-encased ZrC/W specimens were conducted by A.M.S., with M.H.A. providing guidance. Specimen cross-sectional analyses after the corrosion tests were conducted by A.S.C., with assistance from N.R.K. and with K.H.S. providing guidance. Thermodynamic and kinetic calculations associated with corrosion were conducted by K.H.S. Performance calculations of ZrC/W heat exchangers were conducted by S.P., T.K. and D.J., with assistance from K.H.S. and A.H., and with D.R. providing guidance. Economic analyses were conducted by A.D.R., S.P., and A.H., with A.R.S., M.C., G.I. and K.H.S. providing assistance. M.C., G.I., A.H. and K.H.S. drafted the majority of the manuscript. All authors contributed to the writing and review of the manuscript. K.H.S. supervised the overall effort.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to K. H. Sandhage.

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Competing interests

A.H. and K.S. are inventors on patent applications related to this work that have been filed by (and are owned by) Purdue University and the Georgia Institute of Technology (see refs ^10,11). Patent application number PCT/US17/28091 includes the fabrication and use of ZrC/W composites for heat exchangers. Patent application PCT/US17/56015 includes enhancement of the high-temperature oxidation resistance of ZrC/W composites through the use of carbon monoxide-bearing supercritical carbon dioxide and a copper surface layer. The other authors declare no competing interests.

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Caccia, M., Tabandeh-Khorshid, M., Itskos, G. et al. Ceramic–metal composites for heat exchangers in concentrated solar power plants. Nature 562, 406–409 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0593-1

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Received: 11 June 2018
Accepted: 24 August 2018
Published: 17 October 2018
Issue Date: 18 October 2018
DOI : https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0593-1

Keywords

Concentrated Solar Power Plants
Plate Heat Exchanger
Inconel 800H (IN740H)
Semi-circular Channel
Detectable Weight Gain

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Where to Get Miyano Tsv-35 Order Made Macro Cassette

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